<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small">Carroll Smith, perhaps? :)</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small">(He did indeed work with Caroll Shelby, though.)</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Feb 3, 2023 at 3:04 PM Dave MacKay <<a href="mailto:dave@mdmackay.ca">dave@mdmackay.ca</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="msg-4639821508512855127"><div lang="EN-CA" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="m_-4639821508512855127WordSection1"><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">>Date: Fri, 3 Feb 2023 09:31:17 -0800</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">>From: Sujit Roy <<a href="mailto:triumphstag@gmail.com" target="_blank">triumphstag@gmail.com</a>></p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">>To: Triumphs <<a href="mailto:triumphs@autox.team.net" target="_blank">triumphs@autox.team.net</a>></p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">>Subject: [TR] difference between these two washers</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">> </p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">>Besides, looks, what are the differences between these washers? Why use one compared to the other? I typically see the left one used for lighter loads, but never under a load which needs torquing up.</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">>Sujit</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">> </p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">>Sujit Roy</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">>Cupertino, California</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">>URL: <<a href="http://autox.team.net/pipermail/triumphs/attachments/20230203/1f2337ba/attachment-0001.jpg" target="_blank">http://autox.team.net/pipermail/triumphs/attachments/20230203/1f2337ba/attachment-0001.jpg</a>></p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText"> </p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">On pp 116-117 of Carroll Shelby’s <u>Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners and Plumbing Handbook</u>, Shelby discusses the lock washers including star washers (like the one on the left of the image) and spring lock washers (like the one on the right of the image).</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText"> </p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">“Lock washers</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText"> </p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">There are a great many locking devices on the market today. The most popular is also the least effective --- the lock washer. There are three basic types of lock washers: the spring washer, the wave washer and the serrated, or star, washer.</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText"> </p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">Nether the spring washer nor the wave washer do anything worth talking about --- other than to provide the user with a false sense of security. Think about it for a moment. From experience, you know that it takes very little load to compress a spring washer. For example, the spring washer will be completely closed long before we reach recommended torque when tightening a bolt. Once compressed, the spring washer is nothing but a flat washer. If, for whatever reason, a bolt should loosen to the point where the spring washer opens enough to become a spring, there was too little residual stress in the assembled bolt for any sort of safety. In other words, the thing wasn’t tightened sufficiently. Exactly the same is true of the wave washer which is, for some reason or other, popular in Germany. If you decide to use a spring lock washer, a flat washer should be placed between the lock washer and the work surface to prevent damage to the surface. This in not necessary with the wave washer.</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText"> </p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">I am willing to admit that there are installations where the serrated or star washer can be effective . These installations are limited to the smaller sizes and almost always have to do with machine screws bearing on a rather soft surface --- aluminum or plastic, for example. The teeth of the washer can and do bite into the surfaces of soft materials and offer reasonably positive protection against rotation. They are available with either internal or external teeth, and also as coned washers for countersunk bolts.</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText"> </p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">I try not to use lock washers. I use prevailing torque-type self-locking nuts on all through holes and check or jam nuts to lock rod end bearings and threaded adjusters. With blind holes, if I do not trust the thread portion of a properly tightened bolt, I use the appropriate grade of Loctite and/or safety wire. I do, however, carry a selection of aircraft spec (AN-935) spring lock washers [similar to the one on the right of the image] around with me --- just in case. I will not use industrial [rather than aircraft-grade] spring lock washers because they are liable to be too brittle for my taste.”</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText"> </p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">Dave MacKay</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">1960 TR3A (s/n 68639L)</p><p class="m_-4639821508512855127MsoPlainText">Near Toronto, Canada</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></div></div>
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