<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small">There are lots of very smart people on this list and, as it has been very quiet lately I thought I would throw this out for constructive feedback.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">Dealing with the issue of “CHARGE robbing”
with a Siamese port cylinder head.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="text-transform:uppercase">T</span>he cylinder
head design of the Austin Healey 100 is over 80 years old and incorporates
Siamese ports, a configuration never used in later designs. In this type of head,
the forward and the rearward pairs of cylinders each share an individual intake
port and the inner pair of cylinders share one exhaust port.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Additionally, in the interests of simplicity, these engines
use a firing order of 1-3-4-2 or, expressed differently, 2-1-3-4, with the
result that these ports “see” a port flow pattern of “flow, flow, wait, wait,
flow, flow, wait, wait’.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">This design results in a phenomenon called “charge robbing”
wherein a cylinder served by an individual port which draws the incoming
air/fuel charge first gets “robbed” of part of this charge by the cylinder
which draws its charge immediately thereafter. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Reputedly, this design results in the inner two cylinders (2
&3) receiving a “leaner” intake charge than the outer two cylinders (1
& 4) and we were always told that exhaust valve failure, a frequent
occurrence which was invariably confined to cylinders #2 or #3 in these BMC “A”
and “B” series engines, was a consequence of this “charge robbing”. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">My 55 years of experience has been limited almost
exclusively to carburetted engines of this type, both single and twin carburettor
versions, and during that time I have regularly used spark plug colour as an
indication of the air/fuel ratio being burned in any cylinder. I’m aware that
this test is nowhere near as accurate as modern UEGO systems but these weren’t available
at the time however, over the years this test has never indicated that the
inner cylinders (2 & 3) consistently run leaner. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Some decades ago, it was determined that in these engines the
gas temperature in the Siamese exhaust port of cylinders 2 & 3 can be as
much as 100<span>°</span>
C higher than in the outer two ports and the resulting higher operating
temperature of the exhaust valves in those inner cylinders is a much more
likely explanation for their premature failure. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">For “charge robbing” to affect the air/fuel ratio the
“charge” must contain fuel droplets. To express this differently if the
incoming charge consists entirely of an homogenized gas mixture of air and
vaporized fuel, whatever enters either port will have the same air/fuel ratio.
This is almost certainly the case with a carbureted engine wherein the fuel is
introduced into the very turbulent incoming air stream as microscopic droplets
well before that stream reaches the point in the intake port where the port
splits, which allows plenty of time for any droplets to entirely vaporize. In
such a situation the volume of the charge entering the inner cylinders may be smaller
than that entering the outer cylinders, but the air/fuel ratio will be the same
for both.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">The same situation does not apply in modern multi-port fuel-injected
engines where each port has its own injector. To minimize emissions during
throttle transitions, an absolute minimum of fuel spray is allowed to hit the
port walls so the fuel is injected into the intake ports just upstream of each
cylinder's intake valve. As the intake valve opens backflow of combustion
gasses through it finalizes the vaporization of the fuel droplets within the
incoming charge. In the very unlikely event that such a port injection system
be used in an engine with Siamesed intake ports the smaller volume of air
delivered to the inner cylinders would result in the mixture in cylinders 2
& 3 being richer unless some sort of specialized tuning is used to decrease
the pulse width for those two cylinders.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">So, how does this all play out in the case of the EFI system
I’m developing for my 1956 Austin Healey 100?<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">The fuel injectors in this engine modification are installed
inside the SU carburettor bodies upstream of the throttle butterfly and are
therefore a significant distance from the point in the Siamesed intake port
where the port splits. As throttle transition emissions are of no concern with
this vehicle, this position is ideal in that it ensures that the fuel droplets
are completely vaporized long before the intake charge reaches the point where
the port splits. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">For this reason, it is very unlikely that there will be any
difference in the air/fuel ratio of the charge received by any of the
cylinders.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Michael S</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:115%;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">April 2025<span></span></p>
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