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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Interesting clip, here is a perspective from my IT-savvy son, who also likes old simple stuff like Healeys:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>“Interesting for sure. Technology is weird in that the R&D is so expensive, but the 'magic' then becomes very inexpensive at scale. So features that are considered premium and costly are only so for a short time, then they are standard and inexpensive. This puts the auto industry on a similar treadmill as other tech industries, where the consumer appetite and expectation of novelty becomes a formula the industry needs to solve both technically and financially.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>“Wariness of "millions of lines of code" is a bit silly though. The rest of the world has been largely governed by software for decades. I couldn't guess how many 'lines of code' are executed for a single stock trade or eBay purchase. This is just auto catching up. Mechanics are, to most people, wizards who make the vehicle work; which will continue to be true. It's just that we will now have an additional order of that clergy to minister to the flashy bits too.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US> Healeys <healeys-bounces@autox.team.net> <b>On Behalf Of </b>llennep--- via Healeys<br><b>Sent:</b> July 9, 2021 3:05 PM<br><b>To:</b> healeys@autox.team.net<br><b>Subject:</b> [Healeys] Another sign that we are all doomed not Healey<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div id=yiv6850861807><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'>------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><h1 align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:31.5pt'><span style='font-size:30.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;font-weight:normal'>How Software Is Eating the Car<o:p></o:p></span></h1><h2 align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center'><span style='font-size:19.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black;font-weight:normal'>The trend toward self-driving and electric vehicles will add hundreds of millions of lines of code to cars. Can the auto industry cope?<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E24C2D 3.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;margin-top:12.0pt;margin-bottom:12.0pt;max-width:100%'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>By <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/author/robert-n-charette" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>Robert N. Charette</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div id=yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668blog-inner><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Predictions of lost global vehicle production caused by the <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/How-the-chip-shortage-got-so-bad-and-why-it-s-so-hard-to-fix" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>ongoing semiconductor shortage</span></a> continue to rise. In January, <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/automobile/world-s-biggest-automakers-suspend-operations-as-chip-supplies-dry-up-121032400488_1.html" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>analysts forecast</span></a> that 1.5 million fewer vehicles would be produced as a result of the shortage; by April that <a href="https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/latest-numbers-microchip-shortage-pickups-taking-bigger-hits" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>number had steadily climbed</span></a> to more than 2.7 million units, and by May, to <a href="https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/plants-big-worry-missing-demand-because-chip-crisis" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>more than 4.1 million units</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The semiconductor shortage has underscored not only the <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-semiconductors-supply-chain-ins/auto-industry-rethinks-cost-cutting-playbook-as-covid-19-chip-shortages-disrupt-supply-chains-idUSKBN2BO4ZW" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>fragility of the automotive supply chain</span></a>, but placed an intense spotlight on the auto industry’s reliance on the dozens of concealed computers embedded throughout vehicles today.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>“No other industry is undergoing as rapid technological change as the auto industry,” says Zoran Filipi, Chair of the Department of Automotive Engineering at <a href="https://cuicar.com/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>Clemson University’s International Center for Automotive Research</span></a>. “This is driven by the need to address impending, evermore stringent CO</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>2</span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'> and criteria emission regulations, while sustaining unprecedented rate of progress with development of automation and infotainment, and meeting the customer expectations regarding performance, comfort, and utility.” <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The coming years will see even greater change, as more auto manufacturers <a href="https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g35562831/ev-plans-automakers-timeline/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>commit</span></a> to phasing out their internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles to meet <a href="https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/growing-momentum-global-overview-of-government-targets-for-phasing-out-sales-of-new-internal-combustion-engine-vehicles/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>global climate-change targets</span></a> by <a href="https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g29994375/future-electric-cars-trucks/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>replacing them with electric vehicles</span></a> (EVs) that will eventually be <a href="https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/levels-of-autonomous-driving-explained" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>capable of autonomous operation</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The past decade of ICE vehicle development illustrates the rapid progress it has made, as well as where it is heading.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 style='width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in' id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:~WRD0002.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender. Chart titled Vehicle production shortfall due to chip shortage."></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>“Once, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines the value of a car,” notes Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of informatics at <a href="https://www.tum.de/en/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>Technical University</span></a>, Munich and a leading expert on software in automobiles. “The success of a car depends on its software much more than the mechanical side.” Nearly all vehicle innovations by auto manufacturers, or original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as they are called by industry insiders, are now tied to software, he says.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/systems/this-car-runs-on-code" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>Ten years ago</span></a>, only premium cars contained 100 microprocessor-based electronic control units (ECUs) networked throughout the body of a car, executing 100 million lines of code or more. Today, high-end cars like the BMW 7-series with advanced technology like <a href="https://www.caranddriver.com/research/a31880412/adas/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>advanced driver-assist systems</span></a> (ADAS) <a href="https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/automotive-control-units-development-innovations-mechanical-to-electronics" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>may contain</span></a> 150 ECUs or more, while pick-up trucks like <a href="https://cmte.ieee.org/futuredirections/2016/01/13/guess-what-requires-150-million-lines-of-code/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>Ford’s F-150 top 150 million lines of code</span></a>. Even low-end vehicles are quickly approaching 100 ECUs and 100 million of lines of code as more features that were once considered luxury options, such as <a href="https://www.motortrend.com/news/adaptive-cruise-control/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>adaptive cruise control</span></a> and <a href="https://www.motortrend.com/news/automatic-emergency-braking/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>automatic emergency braking</span></a>, are becoming standard.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Additional safety features that have been mandated since 2010 like <a href="https://mycardoeswhat.org/safety-features/electronic-stability-control/" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>electronic stability control,</span></a> <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/cars-us-now-required-backup-cameras/story?id=54854404" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>backup cameras</span></a>, and <a href="https://etsc.eu/automated-emergency-calling-ecall-now-mandatory-on-new-car-models/#:~:text=Automated%2520emergency%2520calling%2520(eCall)%2520now%2520mandatory%2520on%2520new%2520car%2520models,-April%25203%252C%25202018&text=All%2520new%2520models%2520of%2520car,the%2520event%2520of%2520a%2520collision.&text=The%2520system%2520was%2520launched%2520on%2520Android%2520phones%2520in%25202016." target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>automatic emergency calling (eCall)</span></a> in the EU, as well as more <a href="https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_Euro6-VI_briefing_jun2016.pdf" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>stringent emission standards</span></a> that ICE vehicles <a href="https://autotechreview.com/opinion/guest-commentary/how-software-in-automobiles-helps-curb-pollution" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>can only meet</span></a> using yet more innovative electronics and software, have further driven ECU and software proliferation.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Consulting firm <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en.html" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited</span></a> estimates that as of 2017, some <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-semiconductors-the-next-wave-en-190422.pdf" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>40% of the cost of a new car</span></a> can be attributed to semiconductor-based electronic systems, a cost doubling since 2007. It estimates this total will approach 50% by 2030. The company further predicts that each new car today has about $600 worth of semiconductors packed into it, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/business/auto-semiconductors-general-motors-mercedes.html" target="_blank"><span style='color:black'>consisting of up to 3,000 chips</span></a> of all types.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Totaling the number of ECUs and lines of software only hints at the intricate electronic orchestration and software choreography found in vehicles today. By observing how they perform together, the extraordinary complexity that is meant to be invisible from a driver’s perspective begins to emerge. New safety, comfort, performance and entertainment features, the commercial imperative to offer scores of options to buyers resulting in a multiplicity of variants for each make and model, and the shift from gasoline and human drivers to electric and artificially intelligent drivers and the hundreds of millions of lines of new code that will need to be written, checked, debugged and secured against hackers, are making cars into supercomputers on wheels and forcing the auto industry to adapt. But can it? <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><h3 style='margin-top:0cm'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#5A5A5A;font-weight:normal'>Features and Variants Drive Complexity<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.75pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The drive over the last two decades to provide more safety and entertainment features has transformed automobiles from mere conveyances to mobile computing centers. Instead of racks of servers and high-speed optical interconnects, ECUs and wiring harnesses communicate data throughout the vehicle and beyond. And then there are the 10s of millions of lines code that run every time to you go to the grocery store.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>