Subject: [Tigers] Think a Tiger causes pollution? Happy New Year to All.

From: M Lafayette via Tigers <[email-masked]>
Date: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 16:14:04 +0000 (UTC)

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The Horse Manure Problem of 1894The 15 to 30 pounds of manure produced dail=
y by each beast multiplied by the 150,000+ horses in New York city resulted=
 in more than three million pounds of horse manure per day that somehow nee=
ded to be disposed of. That=E2=80=99s not to mention the daily 40,000 gallo=
ns of horse urine.In other words, cities reeked. As Morris says, the =E2=80=
=9Cstench was omnipresent.=E2=80=9D Here are some fun bits from his article=
:Urban streets were minefields that needed to be navigated with the greates=
t care. =E2=80=9CCrossing sweepers=E2=80=9D stood on street corners; for a =
fee they would clear a path through the mire for pedestrians. Wet weather t=
urned the streets into swamps and rivers of muck, but dry weather brought l=
ittle improvement; the manure turned to dust, which was then whipped up by =
the wind, choking pedestrians and coating buildings.. . . even when it had =
been removed from the streets the manure piled up faster than it could be d=
isposed of . . . early in the century farmers were happy to pay good money =
for the manure, by the end of the 1800s stable owners had to pay to have it=
 carted off. As a result of this glut . . . vacant lots in cities across Am=
erica became piled high with manure; in New York these sometimes rose to fo=
rty and even sixty feet.We need to remind ourselves that horse manure is an=
 ideal breeding ground for flies, which spread disease. Morris reports that=
 deadly outbreaks of typhoid and =E2=80=9Cinfant diarrheal diseases can be =
traced to spikes in the fly population.=E2=80=9DComparing fatalities associ=
ated with horse-related accidents in 1916 Chicago versus automobile acciden=
ts in 1997, he concludes that people were killed nearly seven times more of=
ten back in the good old days. The reasons for this are straightforward:. .=
 . horse-drawn vehicles have an engine with a mind of its own. The skittish=
ness of horses added a dangerous level of unpredictability to nineteenth-ce=
ntury transportation. This was particularly true in a bustling urban enviro=
nment, full of surprises that could shock and spook the animals. Horses oft=
en stampeded, but a more common danger came from horses kicking, biting, or=
 trampling bystanders. Children were particularly at risk.Falls, injuries, =
and maltreatment also took a toll on the horses themselves. Data cited by M=
orris indicates that, in 1880, more than 3 dozen dead horses were cleared f=
rom New York streets each day (nearly 15,000 a year).=C2=A0
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<div>
<div class="userEdit" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;"><span style="color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400;"><img src="cid:DWEB.be06bf4a98494c5c85d405763be2ec73" id="DWEB.be06bf4a98494c5c85d405763be2ec73" data-id="DWEB.be06bf4a98494c5c85d405763be2ec73"><br></span></div>
<div class="userEdit" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;">
<div dir="auto" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: start;">The Horse Manure Problem of 1894</div>
<div dir="auto" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: start;">The 15 to 30 pounds of manure produced daily by each beast multiplied by the 150,000+ horses in New York city resulted in more than three million pounds of horse manure per day that somehow needed to be disposed of. That&rsquo;s not to mention the daily 40,000 gallons of horse urine.</div>
<div dir="auto" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: start;">In other words, cities reeked. As Morris says, the &ldquo;stench was omnipresent.&rdquo; Here are some fun bits from his article:</div>
<div dir="auto" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: start;">Urban streets were minefields that needed to be navigated with the greatest care. &ldquo;Crossing sweepers&rdquo; stood on street corners; for a fee they would clear a path through the mire for pedestrians. Wet weather turned the streets into swamps and rivers of muck, but dry weather brought little improvement; the manure turned to dust, which was then whipped up by the wind, choking pedestrians and coating buildings.</div>
<div dir="auto" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: start;">. . . even when it had been removed from the streets the manure piled up faster than it could be disposed of . . . early in the century farmers were happy to pay good money for the manure, by the end of the 1800s stable owners had to pay to have it carted off. As a result of this glut . . . vacant lots in cities across America became piled high with manure; in New York these sometimes rose to forty and even sixty feet.</div>
<div dir="auto" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: start;">We need to remind ourselves that horse manure is an ideal breeding ground for flies, which spread disease. Morris reports that deadly outbreaks of typhoid and &ldquo;infant diarrheal diseases can be traced to spikes in the fly population.&rdquo;</div>
<div dir="auto" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: start;">Comparing fatalities associated with horse-related accidents in 1916 Chicago versus automobile accidents in 1997, he concludes that people were killed nearly seven times more often back in the good old days. The reasons for this are straightforward:</div>
<div dir="auto" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: start;">. . . horse-drawn vehicles have an engine with a mind of its own. The skittishness of horses added a dangerous level of unpredictability to nineteenth-century transportation. This was particularly true in a bustling urban environment, full of surprises that could shock and spook the animals. Horses often stampeded, but a more common danger came from horses kicking, biting, or trampling bystanders. Children were particularly at risk.</div>
<div dir="auto" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: start;">Falls, injuries, and maltreatment also took a toll on the horses themselves. Data cited by Morris indicates that, in 1880, more than 3 dozen dead horses were cleared from New York streets each day (nearly 15,000 a year).</div>
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