Subject: [Healeys] Another sign that we are all doomed not Healey

From: llennep--- via Healeys <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 9 Jul 2021 19:05:24 +0000 (UTC)

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How Software Is Eating the Car

The trend toward self-driving and electric vehicles will add hundreds of mi=
llions of lines of code to cars. Can the auto industry cope?
By=C2=A0Robert N. CharettePredictions of lost global vehicle production cau=
sed by the=C2=A0ongoing semiconductor shortage=C2=A0continue to rise. In Ja=
nuary,=C2=A0analysts forecast=C2=A0that=C2=A01.5 million fewer vehicles wou=
ld be produced as a result of the shortage; by April that=C2=A0number had s=
teadily climbed=C2=A0to more than 2.7 million units, and by May, to=C2=A0mo=
re than 4.1 million units.The semiconductor shortage has underscored not on=
ly the=C2=A0fragility of the automotive supply chain, but placed an intense=
 spotlight on the auto industry=E2=80=99s reliance on the dozens=C2=A0of co=
ncealed computers embedded throughout vehicles today.=E2=80=9CNo other indu=
stry is undergoing as rapid technological change as the auto industry,=E2=
=80=9D says=C2=A0Zoran Filipi, Chair of the Department of Automotive Engine=
ering at=C2=A0Clemson University=E2=80=99s International Center for Automot=
ive Research.=C2=A0=E2=80=9CThis is driven by the need to address impending=
, evermore stringent CO2=C2=A0and criteria emission regulations, while sust=
aining unprecedented rate of progress with development of automation and in=
fotainment, and meeting the customer expectations regarding performance, co=
mfort, and utility.=E2=80=9D=C2=A0The coming years will see even greater ch=
ange, as more auto manufacturers=C2=A0commit=C2=A0to phasing out their inte=
rnal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles to meet=C2=A0global climate-c=
hange targets=C2=A0by=C2=A0replacing them with electric vehicles=C2=A0(EVs)=
 that will eventually be=C2=A0capable of autonomous operation.The past deca=
de of ICE vehicle development illustrates the rapid progress it has made, a=
s well as where it is heading.
=E2=80=9COnce, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines the=
 value of a car,=E2=80=9D notes=C2=A0Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of in=
formatics at=C2=A0Technical University, Munich and a leading expert on soft=
ware in automobiles.=C2=A0=E2=80=9CThe success of a car depends on its soft=
ware much more than the mechanical side.=E2=80=9D Nearly all vehicle innova=
tions by auto manufacturers, or original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as =
they are called by industry insiders, are now tied to software, he says.Ten=
 years ago, only premium cars contained 100 microprocessor-based electronic=
 control units (ECUs) networked throughout the body of a car, executing 100=
 million lines of code or more. Today, high-end cars like the BMW 7-series =
with advanced technology like=C2=A0advanced driver-assist systems=C2=A0(ADA=
S)=C2=A0may contain=C2=A0150 ECUs or more, while pick-up trucks like=C2=A0F=
ord=E2=80=99s F-150 top 150 million lines of code. Even low-end vehicles=C2=
=A0are quickly approaching 100=C2=A0ECUs and 100 million=C2=A0of lines of c=
ode as more features that were once considered luxury options, such as=C2=
=A0adaptive cruise control=C2=A0and=C2=A0automatic emergency braking, are b=
ecoming standard.Additional safety features that have been mandated since 2=
010 like=C2=A0electronic stability control,=C2=A0backup cameras, and=C2=A0a=
utomatic emergency calling (eCall)=C2=A0in the EU, as well as more=C2=A0str=
ingent emission standards=C2=A0that ICE vehicles=C2=A0can only meet=C2=A0us=
ing yet more innovative electronics and software, have further driven ECU a=
nd software proliferation.Consulting firm=C2=A0Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Lim=
ited=C2=A0estimates that as of 2017, some=C2=A040% of the cost of a new car=
=C2=A0can be attributed to semiconductor-based electronic systems, a cost d=
oubling since 2007. It estimates this total will approach 50% by 2030. The =
company further predicts that each new car today has about $600 worth of se=
miconductors packed into it,=C2=A0consisting of up to=C2=A03,000 chips=C2=
=A0of all types.Totaling the number of ECUs and lines of software only hint=
s at the intricate electronic orchestration and software choreography found=
 in vehicles today. By observing how they perform together, the extraordina=
ry complexity that is meant to be invisible from a driver=E2=80=99s perspec=
tive begins to emerge. New safety, comfort, performance and entertainment f=
eatures, the commercial imperative to offer scores of options to buyers res=
ulting in a multiplicity of variants for each make and model, and the shift=
 from gasoline and human drivers to electric and artificially intelligent d=
rivers and the hundreds of millions of lines of new code that will need to =
be written, checked, debugged and secured against hackers, are making cars =
into supercomputers on wheels and forcing the auto industry to adapt. But c=
an it?=C2=A0
Features=C2=A0and Variants Drive=C2=A0Complexity
The drive over the last two decades to provide more safety and entertainmen=
t features has transformed automobiles from mere conveyances to mobile comp=
uting centers.=C2=A0Instead of racks of servers and high-speed optical inte=
rconnects, ECUs and wiring harnesses communicate=C2=A0data throughout the v=
ehicle and beyond. And then there are the 10s of millions of lines code tha=
t run every time to you go to the grocery store.

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<div><h1 class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668main-title" style=3D"margin:10px a=
uto;font-weight:400;line-height:42px;font-size:40px;font-family:Theinhardt-=
Medium, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);width:620px;text-align:center;">How S=
oftware Is Eating the Car</h1><h2 class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668article-d=
ek yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668hide-mobile" style=3D"margin:10px auto;font-weigh=
t:400;line-height:1.2;font-size:26px;font-family:Georgia, serif;text-align:=
center;width:620px;color:rgb(136, 136, 136) !important;">The trend toward s=
elf-driving and electric vehicles will add hundreds of millions of lines of=
 code to cars. Can the auto industry cope?</h2>
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668author-name" style=3D"max-width:100%;p=
adding:4px 0px 0px;border-top:4px solid rgb(226, 76, 45);margin:1em 0px;fon=
t-family:Theinhardt-Regular, sans-serif;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:16px;"=
><span style=3D"font-size:14px;">By&nbsp;<span style=3D"font-family:Theinha=
rdt-Bold, sans-serif;"><a href=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/author/robert-n=
-charette" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:transparent;" targe=
t=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Robert N. Charette</a></span></spa=
n></div>

<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668articleBody yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668ent=
ry-content" style=3D"max-width:100%;width:620px;margin:0px auto;position:re=
lative;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:16px;">
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668hide-mobile" style=3D"max-width:100%;"=
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668article-parsely" style=3D"max-width:10=
0%;">
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668row" style=3D"max-width:100%;">
<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668col-md-12" style=3D"position:relative;=
width:300px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;max-width:100%;"></div>
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<div id=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668blog-inner" style=3D"max-width:100%;">
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">Predicti=
ons of lost global vehicle production caused by the&nbsp;<a href=3D"https:/=
/asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/How-the-chip-shortage-got-so-b=
ad-and-why-it-s-so-hard-to-fix" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration=
-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nor=
eferrer noopener">ongoing semiconductor shortage</a>&nbsp;continue to rise.=
 In January,&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.business-standard.com/article/auto=
mobile/world-s-biggest-automakers-suspend-operations-as-chip-supplies-dry-u=
p-121032400488_1.html" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:und=
erline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer n=
oopener">analysts forecast</a>&nbsp;that&nbsp;1.5 million fewer vehicles wo=
uld be produced as a result of the shortage; by April that&nbsp;<a href=3D"=
https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/latest-numbers-microchip-shortage-pi=
ckups-taking-bigger-hits" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:=
underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferre=
r noopener">number had steadily climbed</a>&nbsp;to more than 2.7 million u=
nits, and by May, to&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing=
/plants-big-worry-missing-demand-because-chip-crisis" style=3D"color:rgb(0,=
 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=
=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">more than 4.1 million units</a>.</d=
iv>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">The semi=
conductor shortage has underscored not only the&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www=
.reuters.com/article/us-autos-semiconductors-supply-chain-ins/auto-industry=
-rethinks-cost-cutting-playbook-as-covid-19-chip-shortages-disrupt-supply-c=
hains-idUSKBN2BO4ZW" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:under=
line;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noo=
pener">fragility of the automotive supply chain</a>, but placed an intense =
spotlight on the auto industry=E2=80=99s reliance on the dozens&nbsp;of con=
cealed computers embedded throughout vehicles today.</div>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">=E2=80=
=9CNo other industry is undergoing as rapid technological change as the aut=
o industry,=E2=80=9D says&nbsp;<span>Zoran Filipi, Chair of the Department =
of Automotive Engineering at&nbsp;</span><a href=3D"https://cuicar.com/" st=
yle=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:t=
ransparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Clemson Universi=
ty=E2=80=99s International Center for Automotive Research</a>.&nbsp;=E2=80=
=9CThis is driven by the need to address impending, evermore stringent CO<s=
pan style=3D"position:relative;font-size:13.5px;line-height:0;vertical-alig=
n:baseline;"><span>2</span></span>&nbsp;and criteria emission regulations, =
while sustaining unprecedented rate of progress with development of automat=
ion and infotainment, and meeting the customer expectations regarding perfo=
rmance, comfort, and utility.=E2=80=9D&nbsp;</div>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">The comi=
ng years will see even greater change, as more auto manufacturers&nbsp;<a h=
ref=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g35562831/ev-plans-automakers-time=
line/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;backgroun=
d-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">commit<=
/a>&nbsp;to phasing out their internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehi=
cles to meet&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/=
growing-momentum-global-overview-of-government-targets-for-phasing-out-sale=
s-of-new-internal-combustion-engine-vehicles/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);=
text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_bl=
ank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">global climate-change targets</a>&nbsp;by&=
nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g29994375/future-electric=
-cars-trucks/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;b=
ackground-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener"=
>replacing them with electric vehicles</a>&nbsp;(EVs) that will eventually =
be&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/levels-of-a=
utonomous-driving-explained" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-li=
ne:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"norefe=
rrer noopener">capable of autonomous operation</a>.</div>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">The past=
 decade of ICE vehicle development illustrates the rapid progress it has ma=
de, as well as where it is heading.</div>
<img alt=3D"Chart titled Vehicle production shortfall due to chip shortage.=
" src=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/image/MzgyNzk1Mw.jpeg" style=3D"vertical=
-align:middle;border-style:none;max-width:100%;margin-bottom:5px;display:bl=
ock;width:300px;" class=3D"yiv6850861807"><br>

<div class=3D"yiv6850861807ydp7d8f668ai" style=3D"max-width:100%;"></div>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">=E2=80=
=9COnce, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines the value=
 of a car,=E2=80=9D notes&nbsp;<span>Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of in=
formatics at&nbsp;</span><a href=3D"https://www.tum.de/en/" style=3D"color:=
rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" =
target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Technical University</a><span=
>, Munich and a leading expert on software in automobiles.</span>&nbsp;=E2=
=80=9CThe success of a car depends on its software much more than the mecha=
nical side.=E2=80=9D Nearly all vehicle innovations by auto manufacturers, =
or original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as they are called by industry i=
nsiders, are now tied to software, he says.</div>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;"><a href=
=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/systems/this-car-runs-on-code"=
 style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-colo=
r:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Ten years ago=
</a>, only premium cars contained 100 microprocessor-based electronic contr=
ol units (ECUs) networked throughout the body of a car, executing 100 milli=
on lines of code or more. Today, high-end cars like the BMW 7-series with a=
dvanced technology like&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/resear=
ch/a31880412/adas/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underl=
ine;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noop=
ener">advanced driver-assist systems</a>&nbsp;(ADAS)&nbsp;<a href=3D"https:=
//www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/automotive-control-units-development-i=
nnovations-mechanical-to-electronics" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-deco=
ration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=
=3D"noreferrer noopener">may contain</a>&nbsp;150 ECUs or more, while pick-=
up trucks like&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://cmte.ieee.org/futuredirections/2016/=
01/13/guess-what-requires-150-million-lines-of-code/" style=3D"color:rgb(0,=
 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=
=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Ford=E2=80=99s F-150 top 150 millio=
n lines of code</a>. Even low-end vehicles&nbsp;are quickly approaching 100=
&nbsp;ECUs and 100 million&nbsp;of lines of code as more features that were=
 once considered luxury options, such as&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.motort=
rend.com/news/adaptive-cruise-control/" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-de=
coration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" re=
l=3D"noreferrer noopener">adaptive cruise control</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=
=3D"https://www.motortrend.com/news/automatic-emergency-braking/" style=3D"=
color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transpar=
ent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">automatic emergency bra=
king</a>, are becoming standard.</div>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">Addition=
al safety features that have been mandated since 2010 like&nbsp;<a href=3D"=
https://mycardoeswhat.org/safety-features/electronic-stability-control/" st=
yle=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:t=
ransparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">electronic stabi=
lity control,</a>&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://abcnews.go.com/US/cars-us-now-req=
uired-backup-cameras/story?id=3D54854404" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-=
decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" =
rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">backup cameras</a>, and&nbsp;<a href=3D"https:/=
/etsc.eu/automated-emergency-calling-ecall-now-mandatory-on-new-car-models/=
#:~:text=3DAutomated%2520emergency%2520calling%2520(eCall)%2520now%2520mand=
atory%2520on%2520new%2520car%2520models,-April%25203%252C%25202018&amp;text=
=3DAll%2520new%2520models%2520of%2520car,the%2520event%2520of%2520a%2520col=
lision.&amp;text=3DThe%2520system%2520was%2520launched%2520on%2520Android%2=
520phones%2520in%25202016." style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-lin=
e:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"norefer=
rer noopener">automatic emergency calling (eCall)</a>&nbsp;in the EU, as we=
ll as more&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publicat=
ions/ICCT_Euro6-VI_briefing_jun2016.pdf" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-d=
ecoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" r=
el=3D"noreferrer noopener">stringent emission standards</a>&nbsp;that ICE v=
ehicles&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://autotechreview.com/opinion/guest-commentary=
/how-software-in-automobiles-helps-curb-pollution" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0,=
 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transparent;" target=3D=
"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">can only meet</a>&nbsp;using yet more =
innovative electronics and software, have further driven ECU and software p=
roliferation.</div>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">Consulti=
ng firm&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en.html" style=3D"=
color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:transpar=
ent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">Deloitte Touche Tohmats=
u Limited</a>&nbsp;estimates that as of 2017, some&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://=
www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/technology-media-teleco=
mmunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-semiconductors-the-next-wave-en-190422.pdf" st=
yle=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-color:t=
ransparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">40% of the cost =
of a new car</a>&nbsp;can be attributed to semiconductor-based electronic s=
ystems, a cost doubling since 2007. It estimates this total will approach 5=
0% by 2030. The company further predicts that each new car today has about =
$600 worth of semiconductors packed into it,&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.ny=
times.com/2021/04/23/business/auto-semiconductors-general-motors-mercedes.h=
tml" style=3D"color:rgb(0, 0, 0);text-decoration-line:underline;background-=
color:transparent;" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer noopener">consistin=
g of up to&nbsp;3,000 chips</a>&nbsp;of all types.</div>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">Totaling=
 the number of ECUs and lines of software only hints at the intricate elect=
ronic orchestration and software choreography found in vehicles today. By o=
bserving how they perform together, the extraordinary complexity that is me=
ant to be invisible from a driver=E2=80=99s perspective begins to emerge. N=
ew safety, comfort, performance and entertainment features, the commercial =
imperative to offer scores of options to buyers resulting in a multiplicity=
 of variants for each make and model, and the shift from gasoline and human=
 drivers to electric and artificially intelligent drivers and the hundreds =
of millions of lines of new code that will need to be written, checked, deb=
ugged and secured against hackers, are making cars into supercomputers on w=
heels and forcing the auto industry to adapt. But can it?&nbsp;</div>
<h3 style=3D"margin-top:0px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.2;font-family:The=
inhardt-Regular, sans-serif;color:rgb(90, 90, 90);">Features&nbsp;and Varia=
nts Drive&nbsp;Complexity</h3>
<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;"></div>

<div style=3D"margin:0px 0px 1em;font-size:18px;line-height:25px;">The driv=
e over the last two decades to provide more safety and entertainment featur=
es has transformed automobiles from mere conveyances to mobile computing ce=
nters.&nbsp;Instead of racks of servers and high-speed optical interconnect=
s, ECUs and wiring harnesses communicate&nbsp;data throughout the vehicle a=
nd beyond. And then there are the 10s of millions of lines code that run ev=
ery time to you go to the grocery store.</div>
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Interesting clip,  here is a perspective from my IT-savvy son, who also =
likes old simple stuff like Healeys:

=20

=E2=80=9CInteresting for sure. Technology is weird in that the R&D is so =
expensive, but the 'magic' then becomes very inexpensive at scale. So =
features that are considered premium and costly are only so for a short =
time, then they are standard and inexpensive. This puts the auto =
industry on a similar treadmill as other tech industries, where the =
consumer appetite and expectation of novelty becomes a formula the =
industry needs to solve both technically and financially.=E2=80=9D

=20

=E2=80=9CWariness of "millions of lines of code" is a bit silly though. =
The rest of the world has been largely governed by software for decades. =
I couldn't guess how many 'lines of code' are executed for a single =
stock trade or eBay purchase. This is just auto catching up. Mechanics =
are, to most people, wizards who make the vehicle work; which will =
continue to be true. It's just that we will now have an additional order =
of that clergy to minister to the flashy bits too.=E2=80=9D

=20

=20

From: Healeys <[email-masked]> On Behalf Of llennep--- =
via Healeys
Sent: July 9, 2021 3:05 PM
To: [email-masked]
Subject: [Healeys] Another sign that we are all doomed not Healey

=20

=20

-------------------------------------------------------------------------=
-----------

=20

=20

=20

The trend toward self-driving and electric vehicles will add hundreds of =
millions of lines of code to cars. Can the auto industry cope?

By  <https://spectrum.ieee.org/author/robert-n-charette> Robert N. =
Charette

Predictions of lost global vehicle production caused by the  =
<https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/How-the-chip-shortag=
e-got-so-bad-and-why-it-s-so-hard-to-fix> ongoing semiconductor shortage =
continue to rise. In January,  =
<https://www.business-standard.com/article/automobile/world-s-biggest-aut=
omakers-suspend-operations-as-chip-supplies-dry-up-121032400488_1.html> =
analysts forecast that 1.5 million fewer vehicles would be produced as a =
result of the shortage; by April that  =
<https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/latest-numbers-microchip-shortage=
-pickups-taking-bigger-hits> number had steadily climbed to more than =
2.7 million units, and by May, to  =
<https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/plants-big-worry-missing-demand-b=
ecause-chip-crisis> more than 4.1 million units.

The semiconductor shortage has underscored not only the  =
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-semiconductors-supply-chain-ins=
/auto-industry-rethinks-cost-cutting-playbook-as-covid-19-chip-shortages-=
disrupt-supply-chains-idUSKBN2BO4ZW> fragility of the automotive supply =
chain, but placed an intense spotlight on the auto industry=E2=80=99s =
reliance on the dozens of concealed computers embedded throughout =
vehicles today.

=E2=80=9CNo other industry is undergoing as rapid technological change =
as the auto industry,=E2=80=9D says Zoran Filipi, Chair of the =
Department of Automotive Engineering at  <https://cuicar.com/> Clemson =
University=E2=80=99s International Center for Automotive Research. =
=E2=80=9CThis is driven by the need to address impending, evermore =
stringent CO2 and criteria emission regulations, while sustaining =
unprecedented rate of progress with development of automation and =
infotainment, and meeting the customer expectations regarding =
performance, comfort, and utility.=E2=80=9D=20

The coming years will see even greater change, as more auto =
manufacturers  =
<https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g35562831/ev-plans-automakers-timeline=
/> commit to phasing out their internal combustion engine (ICE) powered =
vehicles to meet  =
<https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/growing-momentum-global-ov=
erview-of-government-targets-for-phasing-out-sales-of-new-internal-combus=
tion-engine-vehicles/> global climate-change targets by  =
<https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g29994375/future-electric-cars-trucks/=
> replacing them with electric vehicles (EVs) that will eventually be  =
<https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/levels-of-autonomous-drivin=
g-explained> capable of autonomous operation.

The past decade of ICE vehicle development illustrates the rapid =
progress it has made, as well as where it is heading.

=E2=80=9COnce, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines =
the value of a car,=E2=80=9D notes Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of =
informatics at  <https://www.tum.de/en/> Technical University, Munich =
and a leading expert on software in automobiles. =E2=80=9CThe success of =
a car depends on its software much more than the mechanical =
side.=E2=80=9D Nearly all vehicle innovations by auto manufacturers, or =
original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as they are called by industry =
insiders, are now tied to software, he says.

 =
<https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/systems/this-car-runs-on-code> =
Ten years ago, only premium cars contained 100 microprocessor-based =
electronic control units (ECUs) networked throughout the body of a car, =
executing 100 million lines of code or more. Today, high-end cars like =
the BMW 7-series with advanced technology like  =
<https://www.caranddriver.com/research/a31880412/adas/> advanced =
driver-assist systems (ADAS)  =
<https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/automotive-control-units-deve=
lopment-innovations-mechanical-to-electronics> may contain 150 ECUs or =
more, while pick-up trucks like  =
<https://cmte.ieee.org/futuredirections/2016/01/13/guess-what-requires-15=
0-million-lines-of-code/> Ford=E2=80=99s F-150 top 150 million lines of =
code. Even low-end vehicles are quickly approaching 100 ECUs and 100 =
million of lines of code as more features that were once considered =
luxury options, such as  =
<https://www.motortrend.com/news/adaptive-cruise-control/> adaptive =
cruise control and  =
<https://www.motortrend.com/news/automatic-emergency-braking/> automatic =
emergency braking, are becoming standard.

Additional safety features that have been mandated since 2010 like  =
<https://mycardoeswhat.org/safety-features/electronic-stability-control/>=
 electronic stability control,  =
<https://abcnews.go.com/US/cars-us-now-required-backup-cameras/story?id=3D=
54854404> backup cameras, and  =
<https://etsc.eu/automated-emergency-calling-ecall-now-mandatory-on-new-c=
ar-models/#:~:text=3DAutomated%2520emergency%2520calling%2520(eCall)%2520=
now%2520mandatory%2520on%2520new%2520car%2520models,-April%25203%252C%252=
02018&text=3DAll%2520new%2520models%2520of%2520car,the%2520event%2520of%2=
520a%2520collision.&text=3DThe%2520system%2520was%2520launched%2520on%252=
0Android%2520phones%2520in%25202016.> automatic emergency calling =
(eCall) in the EU, as well as more  =
<https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_Euro6-VI_brief=
ing_jun2016.pdf> stringent emission standards that ICE vehicles  =
<https://autotechreview.com/opinion/guest-commentary/how-software-in-auto=
mobiles-helps-curb-pollution> can only meet using yet more innovative =
electronics and software, have further driven ECU and software =
proliferation.

Consulting firm  <https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en.html> Deloitte =
Touche Tohmatsu Limited estimates that as of 2017, some  =
<https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/technology-m=
edia-telecommunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-semiconductors-the-next-wave-en-1=
90422.pdf> 40% of the cost of a new car can be attributed to =
semiconductor-based electronic systems, a cost doubling since 2007. It =
estimates this total will approach 50% by 2030. The company further =
predicts that each new car today has about $600 worth of semiconductors =
packed into it,  =
<https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/business/auto-semiconductors-general-=
motors-mercedes.html> consisting of up to 3,000 chips of all types.

Totaling the number of ECUs and lines of software only hints at the =
intricate electronic orchestration and software choreography found in =
vehicles today. By observing how they perform together, the =
extraordinary complexity that is meant to be invisible from a =
driver=E2=80=99s perspective begins to emerge. New safety, comfort, =
performance and entertainment features, the commercial imperative to =
offer scores of options to buyers resulting in a multiplicity of =
variants for each make and model, and the shift from gasoline and human =
drivers to electric and artificially intelligent drivers and the =
hundreds of millions of lines of new code that will need to be written, =
checked, debugged and secured against hackers, are making cars into =
supercomputers on wheels and forcing the auto industry to adapt. But can =
it?=20

Features and Variants Drive Complexity

The drive over the last two decades to provide more safety and =
entertainment features has transformed automobiles from mere conveyances =
to mobile computing centers. Instead of racks of servers and high-speed =
optical interconnects, ECUs and wiring harnesses communicate data =
throughout the vehicle and beyond. And then there are the 10s of =
millions of lines code that run every time to you go to the grocery =
store.

=20

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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=3DEN-CA link=3Dblue =
vlink=3Dpurple style=3D'word-wrap:break-word'><div =
class=3DWordSection1><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Interesting clip,=C2=A0 here is a =
perspective from my IT-savvy son, who also likes old simple stuff like =
Healeys:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>=E2=80=9CInteresting for sure. Technology is weird in =
that the R&amp;D is so expensive, but the 'magic' then becomes very =
inexpensive at scale. So features that are considered premium and costly =
are only&nbsp;so for a short time, then they are standard and =
inexpensive. This puts the auto industry on a similar treadmill as other =
tech industries, where the consumer appetite&nbsp;and expectation of =
novelty becomes a formula the industry needs to solve both technically =
and financially.=E2=80=9D<o:p></o:p></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>=E2=80=9CWariness of &quot;millions of lines of =
code&quot; is a bit silly though. The rest of the world has been largely =
governed by software for decades. I couldn't guess how many 'lines =
of&nbsp;code' are executed for a single stock trade or eBay purchase. =
This is just auto catching up. Mechanics are, to most people, wizards =
who make the vehicle work; which will continue to be true. It's just =
that we will now have&nbsp;an additional&nbsp;order of that clergy to =
minister to the flashy bits too.=E2=80=9D<o:p></o:p></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><div =
style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm =
0cm 0cm'><p class=3DMsoNormal><b><span =
lang=3DEN-US>From:</span></b><span lang=3DEN-US> Healeys =
&lt;[email-masked]&gt; <b>On Behalf Of </b>llennep--- =
via Healeys<br><b>Sent:</b> July 9, 2021 3:05 PM<br><b>To:</b> =
[email-masked]<br><b>Subject:</b> [Healeys] Another sign that we =
are all doomed not Healey<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:=
p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><div><div id=3Dyiv6850861807><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
>------------------------------------------------------------------------=
------------<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p></div><div><div><h1 align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;ma=
rgin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:31.5pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:30.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;font=
-weight:normal'>How Software Is Eating the Car<o:p></o:p></span></h1><h2 =
align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;ma=
rgin-left:0cm;text-align:center'><span =
style=3D'font-size:19.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black;font-we=
ight:normal'>The trend toward self-driving and electric vehicles will =
add hundreds of millions of lines of code to cars. Can the auto industry =
cope?<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid =
#E24C2D 3.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm =
0cm;margin-top:12.0pt;margin-bottom:12.0pt;max-width:100%'><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>By&=
nbsp;<a href=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/author/robert-n-charette" =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Robert N. =
Charette</span></a></span><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:=
p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div =
id=3Dyiv6850861807ydp7d8f668blog-inner><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Predic=
tions of lost global vehicle production caused by the&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/How-the-chip-=
shortage-got-so-bad-and-why-it-s-so-hard-to-fix" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>ongoing semiconductor =
shortage</span></a>&nbsp;continue to rise. In January,&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.business-standard.com/article/automobile/world-s-bigg=
est-automakers-suspend-operations-as-chip-supplies-dry-up-121032400488_1.=
html" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>analysts =
forecast</span></a>&nbsp;that&nbsp;1.5 million fewer vehicles would be =
produced as a result of the shortage; by April that&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/latest-numbers-microchip-s=
hortage-pickups-taking-bigger-hits" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>number had steadily climbed</span></a>&nbsp;to =
more than 2.7 million units, and by May, to&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/plants-big-worry-missing-d=
emand-because-chip-crisis" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>more than 4.1 million =
units</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The =
semiconductor shortage has underscored not only the&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-semiconductors-supply-ch=
ain-ins/auto-industry-rethinks-cost-cutting-playbook-as-covid-19-chip-sho=
rtages-disrupt-supply-chains-idUSKBN2BO4ZW" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>fragility of the automotive supply =
chain</span></a>, but placed an intense spotlight on the auto =
industry=E2=80=99s reliance on the dozens&nbsp;of concealed computers =
embedded throughout vehicles today.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>=E2=80=
=9CNo other industry is undergoing as rapid technological change as the =
auto industry,=E2=80=9D says&nbsp;Zoran Filipi, Chair of the Department =
of Automotive Engineering at&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://cuicar.com/" =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Clemson =
University=E2=80=99s International Center for Automotive =
Research</span></a>.&nbsp;=E2=80=9CThis is driven by the need to address =
impending, evermore stringent CO</span><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>2</spa=
n><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>&nbsp;=
and criteria emission regulations, while sustaining unprecedented rate =
of progress with development of automation and infotainment, and meeting =
the customer expectations regarding performance, comfort, and =
utility.=E2=80=9D&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The =
coming years will see even greater change, as more auto =
manufacturers&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g35562831/ev-plans-automakers-t=
imeline/" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>commit</span></a>&nbsp;to phasing out their =
internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles to meet&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/growing-momentum-gl=
obal-overview-of-government-targets-for-phasing-out-sales-of-new-internal=
-combustion-engine-vehicles/" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>global climate-change =
targets</span></a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g29994375/future-electric-cars-=
trucks/" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>replacing them =
with electric vehicles</span></a>&nbsp;(EVs) that will eventually =
be&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/levels-of-autonomous=
-driving-explained" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>capable of autonomous =
operation</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The =
past decade of ICE vehicle development illustrates the rapid progress it =
has made, as well as where it is heading.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black;border:=
solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'><img border=3D0 width=3D100 =
height=3D100 style=3D'width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in' =
id=3D"Picture_x0020_1" src=3D"cid:~WRD0002.jpg" alt=3D"Image removed by =
sender. Chart titled Vehicle production shortfall due to chip =
shortage."></span><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'><o:p><=
/o:p></span></p><div style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>=E2=80=
=9COnce, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines the =
value of a car,=E2=80=9D notes&nbsp;Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of =
informatics at&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.tum.de/en/" =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Technical =
University</span></a>, Munich and a leading expert on software in =
automobiles.&nbsp;=E2=80=9CThe success of a car depends on its software =
much more than the mechanical side.=E2=80=9D Nearly all vehicle =
innovations by auto manufacturers, or original equipment manufacturers =
(OEMs) as they are called by industry insiders, are now tied to =
software, he says.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'><a =
href=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/systems/this-car-runs-on=
-code" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Ten years =
ago</span></a>, only premium cars contained 100 microprocessor-based =
electronic control units (ECUs) networked throughout the body of a car, =
executing 100 million lines of code or more. Today, high-end cars like =
the BMW 7-series with advanced technology like&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/research/a31880412/adas/" =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>advanced driver-assist =
systems</span></a>&nbsp;(ADAS)&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/automotive-control-uni=
ts-development-innovations-mechanical-to-electronics" =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>may =
contain</span></a>&nbsp;150 ECUs or more, while pick-up trucks =
like&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://cmte.ieee.org/futuredirections/2016/01/13/guess-what-requ=
ires-150-million-lines-of-code/" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>Ford=E2=80=99s F-150 top 150 million lines of =
code</span></a>. Even low-end vehicles&nbsp;are quickly approaching =
100&nbsp;ECUs and 100 million&nbsp;of lines of code as more features =
that were once considered luxury options, such as&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.motortrend.com/news/adaptive-cruise-control/" =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>adaptive cruise =
control</span></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.motortrend.com/news/automatic-emergency-braking/" =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>automatic emergency =
braking</span></a>, are becoming =
standard.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Additi=
onal safety features that have been mandated since 2010 like&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://mycardoeswhat.org/safety-features/electronic-stability-co=
ntrol/" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>electronic =
stability control,</span></a>&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://abcnews.go.com/US/cars-us-now-required-backup-cameras/sto=
ry?id=3D54854404" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>backup =
cameras</span></a>, and&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://etsc.eu/automated-emergency-calling-ecall-now-mandatory-o=
n-new-car-models/#:~:text=3DAutomated%2520emergency%2520calling%2520(eCal=
l)%2520now%2520mandatory%2520on%2520new%2520car%2520models,-April%25203%2=
52C%25202018&amp;text=3DAll%2520new%2520models%2520of%2520car,the%2520eve=
nt%2520of%2520a%2520collision.&amp;text=3DThe%2520system%2520was%2520laun=
ched%2520on%2520Android%2520phones%2520in%25202016." =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>automatic emergency =
calling (eCall)</span></a>&nbsp;in the EU, as well as more&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_Euro6-V=
I_briefing_jun2016.pdf" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>stringent emission standards</span></a>&nbsp;that =
ICE vehicles&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://autotechreview.com/opinion/guest-commentary/how-software-=
in-automobiles-helps-curb-pollution" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>can only meet</span></a>&nbsp;using yet more =
innovative electronics and software, have further driven ECU and =
software proliferation.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Consul=
ting firm&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en.html" =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu =
Limited</span></a>&nbsp;estimates that as of 2017, some&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/techn=
ology-media-telecommunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-semiconductors-the-next-wa=
ve-en-190422.pdf" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>40% of =
the cost of a new car</span></a>&nbsp;can be attributed to =
semiconductor-based electronic systems, a cost doubling since 2007. It =
estimates this total will approach 50% by 2030. The company further =
predicts that each new car today has about $600 worth of semiconductors =
packed into it,&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/business/auto-semiconductors-g=
eneral-motors-mercedes.html" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>consisting of up to&nbsp;3,000 =
chips</span></a>&nbsp;of all types.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Totali=
ng the number of ECUs and lines of software only hints at the intricate =
electronic orchestration and software choreography found in vehicles =
today. By observing how they perform together, the extraordinary =
complexity that is meant to be invisible from a driver=E2=80=99s =
perspective begins to emerge. New safety, comfort, performance and =
entertainment features, the commercial imperative to offer scores of =
options to buyers resulting in a multiplicity of variants for each make =
and model, and the shift from gasoline and human drivers to electric and =
artificially intelligent drivers and the hundreds of millions of lines =
of new code that will need to be written, checked, debugged and secured =
against hackers, are making cars into supercomputers on wheels and =
forcing the auto industry to adapt. But can =
it?&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><h3 style=3D'margin-top:0cm'><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#5A5A5A;font-weight:normal'=
>Features&nbsp;and Variants =
Drive&nbsp;Complexity<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The =
drive over the last two decades to provide more safety and entertainment =
features has transformed automobiles from mere conveyances to mobile =
computing centers.&nbsp;Instead of racks of servers and high-speed =
optical interconnects, ECUs and wiring harnesses communicate&nbsp;data =
throughout the vehicle and beyond. And then there are the 10s of =
millions of lines code that run every time to you go to the grocery =
store.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>
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