spacers are a big washer/plate with the correct # and position of holes in
it. Adapters convert from hole pattern to hole pattern, so they are a plate
with holes to one bolt pattern and studs to another. I believe the
nightmare stories happen with spacers because ordinarily the rim and lugnut
are close to bottomed out on the stud, but with a spacer there is an
increased gap. The gap allows the bolt to be loaded in bending, rather than
strictly tension or sideloading (shear). Bolts fail at much lower rating
when loaded this way. Rear end torque and front end braking would want to
twist the 4 bolts, and enough of this would rip them all, when they are
being loaded the heaviest. Fergus O
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